3. Lemon juice has a sour taste and turns litmus to red. Lemon juice is

a) basic
b) acidic
c) neutral
d) caustic

4. Many medicines have a bitter taste which manufacturers attempt to disguise. Many medicines are probably

a) acids
b) bases
c) salts
d) neutral

5. Which one of the following is a hydroxide ion?

a) OH
b) H⁺
c) H₃O⁺
d) H₂O

6. When added to water, which one of the following would produce an acid?

a) Na
b) MgO
c) NH₃
d) SO₃

7. Lime is used in farming to reduce the acidity of the soil. The chemical name for lime is calcium oxide. When water in the soil reacts with lime, what the base calcium hydroxide is formed. What is the formula for calcium hydroxide?

a) CaO
b) CaOH
c) Ca₂OH
d) Ca(OH)₂

8. All of the following are bases except

a) KOH
b) HNO₃
c) NH₃
d) Mg(OH)₂

9. The same number of moles of acetic acid and hydrogen chloride are placed in beakers containing water. After this addition, the beaker with the HCl has more hydronium ions than the beaker with added acetic acid. HCl is classified as

a) a weaker acid than acetic acid
b) a stronger acid than acetic acid
c) equal in acid strength to acetic acid
d) a base

10. Acetic acid is classified as a weak acid in water. This means that it

a) does not dissociate to produce hydronium ions
b) completely (100%) dissociates to form the maximum number of hydronium ions
c) only partially dissociates to form some hydronium ions
d) reacts with salt (NaCl) to form sodium hydroxide.

11. Ammonia is often found in which household product?

a) salad dressing
b) household cleansers
c) laundry detergents
d) antacids

12. All of the following are strong acids except

a) hydrochloric acid
b) sulfuric acid
c) nitric acid
d) acetic acid

13. A solution with a pH of 3 has a hydronium ion concentration of

a) 1 x 10⁴ mol/L
b) 1 x 10³ mol/L
c) 3 mol/L
d) 3 mol/L

14. A solution of toilet bowl cleaner has a pH of 1.0 The solution is

a) strongly acidic
b) weakly acidic
c) strongly basic
d) weakly basic

15. An unknown substance is added to a solution and the pH decreases. The substance is best described as a(n)

a) acid
b) base
c) salt
d) solvent

16. Sodium bicarbonate is commonly known as

a) baking soda
b) baking powder
c) washing soda d) cherry soda

17. The acid in automobile batteries is

a) hydrochloric acid
b) nitric acid
c) phosphoric acid
d) sulfuric acid

18. A common name for hydrochloric acid is

a) lye
b) muriatic acid
c) lime
d) ammonia

19. With respect to energy content, reduced forms of matter are generally

a) low in potential energy, and often make good fuels
b) high in potential energy, and often make good fuels
c) low in potential energy and are poor fuels
d) high in potential energy, and are poor fuels

20. The corrosion of metals, such as the rusting of iron, is an example of

a) reduction
b) oxidation
c)proton transfer
d) transmutation

21. The air that we breathe is composed of approximately__________% of oxygen by volume?

a) 80%
b)5%
c)20%
d)50%

22. Which one of the following IS NOT true?

a) Reduction is the addition of hydrogen to a substance
b) Reduction is the loss of electrons from a substance
c) Oxidation is the loss of electrons from a substance
d) Oxidation is the loss of hydrogen from a substance

23. When C₃H₈ is burned in oxygen, the products are

a) C + H₂
b) CH₂ + H₂O
c) CO₂ + H₂
d) CO₂ + H₂O

24. In the following reaction: C₂H₆O₂ -----------> C₂H₄O₂ + H₂
C₂H₆O₂ is

a) oxidized
b) reduced
c) neutralized
d) electrolyzed

25. In the reaction
Cu²⁺ + Fe ----------> Cu + Fe²⁺

a) iron is reduced
b) copper is oxidized
c) copper(II) is the reducing agent
d) none of these

26. In a reaction, the substance undergoing reduction serves as the

a) electron donor
b) proton donor
c) oxidizing agent
d) reducing agent

27. An electrochemical cell is a device that converts chemical energy into

a) electrical energy
b) chemical energy
c) nuclear energy
d) light energy

28. In the reaction Fe₂O₃ + 3H₂ ---------> 2Fe + 3H₂O the reducing agent is

a) Fe
b) H₂O
c) Fe₂O3
d)H₂

29. The removal of silver tarnish from silverware using aluminum foil and a solution of electrolyte is an example of

a) oxidation of aluminum metal
b) reduction of silver ions
c) an example of an electrochemical cell
d) all of the above

30. Most household bleaches act as

a) oxidizing agents
b) reducing agents
c) electron donors
d) proton donors

31. Human cells obtain energy by

a) oxidizing carbohydrates
b) reducing proteins
c) reducing carbon dioxide
d) absorbing sunlight

32. In the photosynthesis reaction: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O -------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
carbon dioxide is

a) oxidized
b) reduced
c) oxidized and reduced
d) neither oxidized nor reduced

33. In the photosynthesis reaction:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O --------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
the substance that serves as the reducing agent is:

a) carbon dioxide
b) water
c) sunlight
d) glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆

34. Organic chemistry is most broadly defined as

a) the chemistry of living systems
b) the chemistry of substances produced by living systems
c) the chemistry of the compounds of carbon
d) the chemistry of the nonmetallic compounds

35. What is the name of the compound with a formula CH₃CH₃?

a) methane
b) ethane
c) propane
d) butane

36. What is the name of the compound with a formula CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₃?

a) methane
b) ethane
c) propane
d) butane

37. How many different structural isomers are there for a hydrocarbon with the formula C₅H₁₂?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4

38. Compounds with the same number and kinds of atoms but with different structures are known as

a) homologs
b) isotopes
c) isomers
d) allotropes

39. CFCs (chlorofluoro carbons) have been implicated as contributors to the ozone hole, they are most likely to be found in

a) refrigerators
b) pesticides
c) toasters
d) gasoline

40. The molecular formula of the alcohol, methanol is

a) COH
b) CHOH
c) CH₂OH
d) CH₃OH

41. The main ingredient in most antifreezes is toxic and tastes sweet, it is called

a) ethanol
b) ethylene glycol
c) glycerol
d) gasoline

42. Compounds that have two alkyl groups attached to an oxygen atom are called

a) alcohols
b) phenols
c) esters
d) ethers

43. Aldehydes and ketones share a common functional group. The group is the

a) hydroxyl group
b) phenol group
c) ether group
d) carbonyl group

44. The compound below is butyric acid, and it is found in rancid butter. The functional group in the square is a(n)

a) alcohol
b) aldehyde
c) carboxylic acid
d) ketone

45. The compound below is acetone, it is the major ingrediant in nail polish remover. It is a(n)

a) carboxylic acid
b) aldehyde
c) ketone
d) alcohol

46. One of the primary ingredients in vinegar is

a) acetic acid
b) butyric acid
c) formic acid
d) hydrochloric acid

47. Many of the flavors isolated from foods are

a) carboxylic acids
b) esters
c) alcohols
d) ketones

48. The compound CH₃NH₂ is called

a) methylamine
b) dimethylamine
c) trimethylamine
d) methyl ammonia

49. Amino acids are the "building blocks" of

a) carbohydrates
b) fats
c) proteins
d) vitamins

50. One of the most abundant rocks on earth is calcium carbonate. What is the formula for calcium carbonate?

a)CaO
b)CoCO₃
c)CaCO₃
d)CaCo

51. The Earth's crust is subdivided into

a) core, mantle and atmosphere
b) lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere
c) troposphere, stratosphere and ionosphere
d) hydrosphere, geosphere and stratosphere

52. Asbestos and cigarette smoke act synergistically to increase the risk of

a) skin cancer
b) lung cancer
c) heart attack
d) hair loss

53. Asbestos is composed of

a) metal carbonates
b) metal silicates
c) metal sulfides
d) organic materials

54. Which one of the following containers probably has the longest lifetime in a landfill?

a) aluminum can
b) styrofoam cup
c) steel can
d) glass jar

55. The two major components of cement are

a) clay and limestone
b) sand and limestone
c) calcium carbonate and limestone
d) quartz and limestone

56. Cement is made from limestone and

a) clay
b) sand
c) coal
d) iron ore

57. Probably the first metal to be freed from its ore (5,000 years ago) by smelting was

a) aluminum
b) copper
c) lead
d) iron

58. The extraction of aluminum from its ore requires a great deal of

a) heat
b) electricity
c) water
d) sunlight

59. If we should "run out of aluminum" someday, it would be because we had

a) converted too much aluminum to another metal
b) destroyed too much aluminum
c) used too much aluminum
d) scattered aluminum too widely in the environment

60. The chemical law that is the heart of recycling of solid waste is

a) law of conservation of mass
b) law of definite proportions
c) law of multiple proportions
d) Murphy's law

62. (5 points) How many grams of Aluminum is required to reduce 56 g of Calcium oxide? The reaction is shown below.
3 CaO + 2 Al -------------> 3 Ca +Al₂O₃