Notes for chapter 17, pages 598-606

From the table to your cells

What are the three stages of the complete oxidation of fatty acids?  (What are the three stages of the complete oxidation of glucose?)  What organs rely heavily upon fatty acid oxidation for their energy needs?

Describe the complete process of getting dietary fat into a muscle cell.

• How does fat get into intestinal mucosal cells
• What happens to the fat in the intestinal mucosal cells
• How is the fat transported in the lymph and blood  (what is lymph?--you may have to look that up somewhere else)
• How does the fat get into the muscle cells?  What enzyme is required, what activates this enzyme?
• What happens to the leftovers?

What are apolipoproteins?  Describe chylomicrons and VLDL particles.

Describe the process of mobilizing stored triglycerides.  How do they fat molecules travel in the blood?  What part of the triglyceride (TG) has 95% of the energy?  How is glycerol converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate.

Before fatty acids can be oxidized, they must be activated by the addition of an acyl CoA group.  Fatty acyl -CoA synthetases come in three varieties, one for each size of chain length: short, medium and long.  What is the standard free energy change for this reaction?  What makes it exergonic?

How are fatty acids transported into the mitochondria?  Why is an acyl group added to the fatty acid, only to have it replaced with a carnitine group?  Why isn't the fatty acyl CoA transported into the mitochondria directly?

b Oxidation: the first phase of fat metabolism

You beta know all the enzymes, all of the cofactors, and all of the products.   How many NADH and FADH₂ molecules are made from the oxidation of stearate to acetyl CoA?    In the third phase of fatty acid oxidation, the electrons from each FADH₂ flow through the electron transport chain to provide the energy for the synthesis of 1.5 ATP molecules,  and the electrons from each NADH provide the energy for the synthesis of 2.5 ATP molecules.  What is the yeild of ATP from the oxidation of stearate to acetyl-CoA and the subsequent transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to oxygen.  How is water also produced during this process? 

Read box 17-1, so you can explain what is in the camel's hump and how this allows them to survive desert conditions.

The second phase of oxidation is the acetyl CoA metabolism by the Kreb's cycle.   Table 17-1 will help you account for all of the ATPs that are generated from the three phases of oxidizing fatty acids.  How many ATPs are generated from the oxidation of stearate to CO₂  and water?

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